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            <title type="main" n="TL-lecture-21">Lecture XXI (Nr. 0260)</title>
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               <persName key="https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7356-6162">JJ Warren</persName>
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            <p>Transcript of a Lecture by <persName>Paul Tillich</persName> by <persName>Peter H. John</persName></p>
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                <date when-iso="1955-12-15">1955-12-15</date>
                <date type="term">Semester I</date>
                <placeName>Harvard University</placeName>
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              <lb facs="#facs_260_tr_1_tl_2" n="N002"/>later on, in terms of seemingly miraculous ways, but actually in terms of tricks.</p>
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               <lb facs="#facs_260_tr_1_tl_3" n="N003"/>The <rs type="keyword" ref="#Reductionism">reductionist philosophers</rs> became aware that <emph rend="allcaps">in reality</emph> they did this trick
               <lb facs="#facs_260_tr_1_tl_4" n="N004"/>and that it is not dignified to stick to it, after they had seen the tricky character of the
              <lb facs="#facs_260_tr_1_tl_5" n="N005"/>reductionist method. So they accepted a concept of nature <rs type="keyword" ref="#Naturalism">(“naturalism”</rs> is derived from “nature”)
               <lb facs="#facs_260_tr_1_tl_6" n="N006"/>which could keep their claim to be naturalists. But we can now call this not reductionism, but
               <lb facs="#facs_260_tr_1_tl_7" n="N007"/>integrated naturalism, which means that one calls everything “nature,” including the creation
               <lb facs="#facs_260_tr_1_tl_8" n="N008"/>of Shakespeare's plays, or the Bible—no one can prevent anyone from calling this “nature,” or
               <lb facs="#facs_260_tr_1_tl_9" n="N009"/>calling it an expression of human nature. But then the concept of nature loses its contrary,
               <lb facs="#facs_260_tr_1_tl_10" n="N010"/>and this kind of naturalism could perhaps be criticized by <rs type="person" ref="#tillich_person_id__969">William James'</rs>s fallacy of the lacking
              <lb facs="#facs_260_tr_1_tl_11" n="N011"/>contrast: if you call everything “nature,” then the name loses its real meaning.</p>
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               <lb facs="#facs_260_tr_1_tl_12" n="N012"/>But nevertheless the important thing is not the matter of the name, but it is that the
               <lb facs="#facs_260_tr_1_tl_13" n="N013"/>reductionist trick was given up. That is one of the steps to the return of man to himself.
               <lb facs="#facs_260_tr_1_tl_14" n="N014"/>He discovered that the levels of reality cannot be reduced to one. Then the question was:
              <lb facs="#facs_260_tr_1_tl_15" n="N015"/>which is their unity?</p>
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               <lb facs="#facs_260_tr_1_tl_16" n="N016"/>This leads to another discovery, and a very important one, which was first made in
               <lb facs="#facs_260_tr_1_tl_17" n="N017"/><rs type="keyword" ref="#Psychology">psychology,</rs> namely the so-called <rs type="keyword" ref="#Gestalt"><hi style="font-style: italic;">Gestalt</hi> </rs>psychology. I intend to use this German word, which
               <lb facs="#facs_260_tr_1_tl_18" n="N018"/>has become a foreign word in English, because there is no real translation for it. The transcription
              <lb facs="#facs_260_tr_1_tl_19" n="N019"/>of the meaning, or the description of the meaning, of this word is perhaps “a living structure,”
               <lb facs="#facs_260_tr_1_tl_20" n="N020"/>or “an independent structure.” The word “structure” is not a good translation because every
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                  <persName>James, William</persName>
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                     <p>William James (1842-1910) ist einer der wichtigsten Vertreter der amerikanischen Philosophie. Zunächst wurde er aber durch sein Grundlagenwerk zur Psychologie The Principles of Psychology (1890) bekannt, das man heute als interdisziplinäre Untersuchung par excellence verstehen muss. Aufgrund seiner Studien zur Religion The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902) gilt er außerdem bis heute als bedeutender Religionswissenschaftler. Mit seinen Werken The Will to Believe (1897) und Pragmatism (1907) legte er den Grundstein für den amerikanischen Pragmatismus.</p>
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